Welcome to the CBSE Class 10 Science curriculum! This comprehensive guide covers all units, chapters, topics, exam structure, and valuable tips to help you excel in your board examinations. Science is divided into three main sections: Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, with a total weightage of 80 marks for theory and 20 marks for practical/internal assessment.

Course Structure

Marks Distribution:

Unit-wise Marks Distribution (Theory - 80 Marks)

Complete Syllabus

Unit I: Chemical Substances - Nature and Behaviour (25 Marks)

Chapter 1: Chemical Reactions and Equations

•        Chemical equation, Balanced chemical equation

•        Types of chemical reactions: Combination, Decomposition, Displacement, Double displacement, Oxidation and Reduction

•        Effects of oxidation reactions in everyday life

Chapter 2: Acids, Bases and Salts

•        General properties, examples and uses of acids and bases

•        pH scale and importance of pH in everyday life

•        Preparation, properties and uses of sodium hydroxide, bleaching powder, baking soda, washing soda and plaster of Paris

•        Common salts such as sodium chloride, ammonium chloride, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate

Chapter 3: Metals and Non-metals

•        Physical properties of metals and non-metals

•        Chemical properties: Reaction with oxygen, water, acids, bases

•        Reactivity series, Formation and properties of ionic compounds

•        Basic metallurgical processes: Extraction of metals from ores

•        Corrosion and prevention methods

Chapter 4: Carbon and its Compounds

•        Covalent bonding in carbon compounds

•        Versatile nature of carbon: Catenation, tetravalency

•        Homologous series, Functional groups

•        Nomenclature of carbon compounds

•        Chemical properties: Combustion, oxidation, addition and substitution reactions

•        Ethanol and ethanoic acid: Properties and uses

•        Soaps and detergents

Chapter 5: Periodic Classification of Elements

•        Need for classification of elements

•        Dobereiner's Triads, Newlands' Law of Octaves

•        Mendeleev's Periodic Table and its limitations

•        Modern Periodic Table: Position of elements, trends in properties (valency, atomic size, metallic and non-metallic character)

Unit II: World of Living (23 Marks)

Chapter 6: Life Processes

•        Living organisms: Basic concept of nutrition, respiration, transport and excretion in plants and animals

•        Nutrition in plants: Autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition, photosynthesis

•        Nutrition in animals: Human digestive system and nutrition

•        Respiration: Aerobic and anaerobic respiration

•        Transportation in plants and animals: Blood, lymph, heart structure, blood vessels

•        Excretion in plants and animals: Human excretory system

Chapter 7: Control and Coordination

•        Control and coordination in animals: Nervous system, Chemical coordination (hormones)

•        Reflex action, Human brain structure and function

•        Control and coordination in plants: Tropic movements, Plant hormones

Chapter 8: How do Organisms Reproduce?

•        Reproduction in organisms: Importance of reproduction

•        Asexual reproduction: Fission, fragmentation, regeneration, budding, vegetative propagation, spore formation

•        Sexual reproduction: Male and female reproductive organs in plants and animals

•        Pollination and fertilization in plants

•        Human reproductive system, Sexually transmitted diseases

•        Reproductive health: Need and methods of family planning

Chapter 9: Heredity and Evolution

•        Heredity: Mendel's contribution, Basic concepts of inheritance

•        Sex determination in humans

•        Evolution: Evidences for evolution (fossils, homologous and analogous organs)

•        Speciation, Evolutionary relationships

Unit III: Natural Phenomena (12 Marks)

Chapter 10: Light - Reflection and Refraction

•        Reflection of light: Laws of reflection, Spherical mirrors

•        Image formation by spherical mirrors: Ray diagrams, Mirror formula, Magnification

•        Refraction of light: Laws of refraction, Refractive index

•        Refraction through a glass slab, spherical lenses

•        Image formation by lenses: Ray diagrams, Lens formula, Magnification, Power of lens

Chapter 11: Human Eye and Colourful World

•        Structure and functioning of human eye

•        Defects of vision and their correction: Myopia, Hypermetropia, Presbyopia

•        Refraction of light through a prism, Dispersion of white light

•        Atmospheric refraction, Scattering of light, Tyndall effect

Unit IV: Effects of Current (13 Marks)

Chapter 12: Electricity

•        Electric current and circuit: Potential difference, Electric current

•        Ohm's law, Resistance, Factors affecting resistance

•        Series and parallel combinations of resistors

•        Heating effect of electric current: Joule's law, Practical applications

•        Electric power, Relationship between power, potential difference and resistance

Chapter 13: Magnetic Effects of Electric Current

•        Magnetic field, Field lines, Magnetic field due to current carrying conductor

•        Right hand thumb rule, Magnetic field due to current through a circular loop and solenoid

•        Force on current-carrying conductor in magnetic field, Fleming's left-hand rule

•        Electric motor, Electromagnetic induction

•        Induced potential difference, Induced current, Fleming's right-hand rule

•        Electric generator, Direct current and alternating current

•        Domestic electric circuits: Safety measures

Unit V: Natural Resources (07 Marks)

Chapter 14: Sources of Energy

•        Different forms of energy: Conventional and non-conventional sources

•        Fossil fuels, Thermal power plant, Hydro power plant

•        Renewable energy sources: Solar energy, Wind energy, Biomass, Geothermal energy, Nuclear energy

•        Environmental consequences of energy sources

Chapter 15: Our Environment

•        Eco-system: Components of ecosystem

•        Food chains and webs, Trophic levels

•        Environmental problems: Ozone layer depletion, Waste disposal

•        Biodegradable and non-biodegradable substances

Chapter 16: Sustainable Management of Natural Resources

•        Conservation of resources: Need for conservation

•        Forests and wildlife: Stakeholders, Conservation strategies

•        Water for all: Water harvesting, Dams (advantages and limitations)

•        Coal and petroleum: Management and conservation

•        Three R's: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle

Examination Structure

Theory Paper Pattern (80 Marks, 3 Hours)

Note: Internal choice will be provided in 2-mark, 3-mark, and 5-mark questions. Students may be required to answer questions based on diagrams, graphs, and numerical problems.

Practical/Internal Assessment (20 Marks)

Important Dates 2026-27

Note: Dates are subject to change. Please check the official CBSE website (cbse.gov.in) for final notifications and any updates.

Study Tips for Excellence

1. Effective Study Strategies

•        Create a realistic study timetable allocating time for all subjects proportionally

•        Study in 45-minute focused sessions followed by 10-minute breaks to maintain concentration

•        Make concise notes with diagrams, flowcharts, and mnemonics for quick revision

•        Practice diagrams daily - they carry significant marks in Science

•        Understand concepts rather than memorizing - Science requires application of knowledge

•        Use NCERT textbook as your primary resource - 90% questions come from it

•        Solve all NCERT exercises, exemplar problems, and back exercises thoroughly

2. Chapter-wise Preparation

•        Physics: Focus on numerical problems, formulas, and derivations. Practice mirror/lens ray diagrams and circuit diagrams daily

•        Chemistry: Learn chemical equations with proper balancing. Understand reaction mechanisms and memorize important compounds

•        Biology: Make separate notes for definitions, diagrams, and processes. Use flowcharts for life processes and reproduction

•        Create a formula sheet for Physics and Chemistry chapters - review it weekly

3. Revision Techniques

•        First revision: Within 24 hours of studying a chapter

•        Second revision: After one week

•        Third revision: After one month, then monthly until exams

•        Create flashcards for definitions, formulas, and important points

•        Practice previous year question papers (last 10 years minimum)

•        Take mock tests under timed conditions to build exam temperament

•        Review and analyze your mistakes after every test

4. Practical Preparation

•        Perform all experiments in the lab manual at least twice

•        Understand the principle, procedure, and observations clearly

•        Practice drawing neat, labeled diagrams of apparatus

•        Prepare answers for viva questions related to each experiment

•        Maintain a clean, well-organized practical record book

•        Revise all chemical reactions, tests, and safety precautions

Scoring Tips & Exam Strategies

Answer Writing Techniques

•        Read the question paper thoroughly in the first 15 minutes - mark easy, moderate, and difficult questions

•        Attempt easy questions first to build confidence and secure marks

•        Write point-wise answers with proper numbering - examiners appreciate organized responses

•        Underline or highlight important terms, definitions, and keywords

•        Always write chemical equations with proper balancing and state symbols (s, l, g, aq)

•        For numerical problems: Write given data, formula, substitution, and answer with units

•        Draw neat, well-labeled diagrams with pencil - allocate space before starting

•        Use proper scientific terminology and avoid informal language

Question-wise Strategy

•        MCQs (1 mark): Attempt all, no negative marking. Use elimination technique for difficult ones

•        2-mark questions: Write concise answers in 3-4 lines with proper definitions

•        3-mark questions: Write answers in 5-6 well-explained points or steps

•        5-mark questions: Write detailed answers with 8-10 points, include diagrams where applicable

•        Case-based questions: Read the case study carefully 2-3 times, underline key information before attempting sub-questions

•        Utilize internal choice wisely - read both options and choose the one you're most confident about

Time Management in Exam

•        Allocate time as per marks: 1 mark = 1.5 minutes, 2 marks = 3 minutes, 3 marks = 5 minutes, 5 marks = 8 minutes

•        Reserve 30 minutes at the end for revision and checking

•        If stuck on a question, move ahead and return later

•        Don't spend more than 5 minutes on any single MCQ

•        Ensure you attempt all questions - blank answers get zero marks

•        Write neatly with good handwriting speed - practice writing under timed conditions

Presentation Tips

•        Start each answer on a fresh line with proper question numbering

•        Leave adequate margins (1.5 cm on left) and space between answers

•        Use blue or black pen only - pencils only for diagrams and graphs

•        Strike through mistakes with a single line (don't scribble or use whitener)

•        Write legibly - illegible handwriting may lead to mark deduction

•        Draw diagrams with pencil, label with pen - use scale and ruler where necessary

•        For graphs: Label axes, mark units, give proper title, and plot accurately

Common Mistakes to Avoid

Content-Related Mistakes

•        Mixing up reactants and products in chemical equations

•        Forgetting to balance chemical equations or writing incorrect state symbols

•        Confusing concave and convex mirrors/lenses and their properties

•        Writing incorrect ray diagrams without following conventions

•        Mixing up the formulas for series and parallel circuits

•        Using wrong formulas or incorrect units in numerical problems

•        Not writing chemical names and formulas correctly (subscripts and superscripts)

•        Confusing mitosis and meiosis, or asexual and sexual reproduction processes

•        Mixing up male and female reproductive parts in flowers

•        Writing incomplete or incorrect definitions

Exam-Related Mistakes

•        Not reading questions carefully and answering something different

•        Exceeding or not meeting the word limit for long answers

•        Leaving questions unattempted assuming you don't know the answer

•        Not attempting all MCQs (no negative marking - always attempt all)

•        Poor time management leading to incomplete paper

•        Drawing diagrams in pen instead of pencil

•        Not labeling diagrams properly or drawing unlabeled diagrams

•        Writing too much for short answer questions and too little for long answers

•        Ignoring the internal choice option without reading both questions

•        Not revising the answer sheet before submission

Diagram-Related Mistakes

•        Drawing diagrams too small or too large - maintain appropriate size (6-8 cm recommended)

•        Not labeling all important parts with proper leader lines

•        Incorrect ray diagrams violating laws of reflection/refraction

•        Drawing rough, distorted diagrams - practice makes perfect

•        Forgetting to show direction of arrows in circuit diagrams

•        Not showing magnetic field lines properly with correct direction

•        Missing important structures in biological diagrams (heart, brain, flower, etc.)

Calculation Mistakes

•        Not writing the formula before solving numerical problems

•        Calculation errors due to rushing - always double-check

•        Not converting units properly (cm to m, mA to A, etc.)

•        Missing or writing incorrect units in the final answer

•        Not showing proper steps in calculations - can lose marks even with correct answer

•        Rounding off answers incorrectly or to wrong decimal places

•        Sign errors in numerical problems (especially in lens/mirror numericals)

High-Scoring Chapters

Focus on these chapters for maximum marks with moderate effort:

•        Chemical Reactions and Equations - straightforward concept, high weightage

•        Acids, Bases and Salts - factual chapter with predictable questions

•        Carbon and its Compounds - important chapter with various question types

•        Periodic Classification - easy scoring with good understanding

•        Life Processes - high marks, diagram-based questions

•        Electricity - numerical-based chapter with fixed formulas

•        Magnetic Effects of Electric Current - application-based but scoring

•        Light - Reflection and Refraction - numerical problems with standard formulas

Final Preparation Tips

•        Last 30 Days: Focus on revision, practice papers, and weak areas. No new topics.

•        Last 15 Days: Solve sample papers daily and revise formulas, diagrams, and definitions

•        Last 7 Days: Only revision - go through your notes, flashcards, and formula sheets

•        Day Before Exam: Light revision only. Review important diagrams and formulas. Sleep well.

•        Exam Day: Reach the center 30 minutes early. Stay calm and confident. Read instructions carefully.

•        Stay healthy: Maintain proper diet, sleep 7-8 hours daily, and exercise regularly

•        Take breaks: Don't overstudy. Relax with hobbies to prevent burnout

•        Stay positive: Believe in your preparation. Anxiety hampers performance.

Remember: Success in CBSE Class 10 Science requires consistent effort, smart study strategies, and thorough practice. Follow this guide, stay dedicated, and you'll achieve excellent results. Best wishes for your board examinations!